Pascale and Athos (1981)

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Pascale and Athos (1981) The Art of Japanese Management

The authors discuss the seven Ss of management.

The Seven S framework is
1. Strategy
2. Structure
3. Skills
4. Staff
5. Shared Values
6. System
7. Style

It is a good way of comparing US and Japanese management approaches.
The West tends to focus on the “hard” Ss, such as strategy, structure and systems, while the Japanese tend to focus on the “soft” Ss, skills, staff, shared values, system and style.

Differing views of management affects the effectiveness of management. Western managers are constrained by their lack of vision, while Japanese managers have dynamic visions.