Kipping and Bjarnar (1998)

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Translation and acceptance

Institutions and people are responsible for the reasons why the transfer of the same model can be interpreted in different ways in different places.

The outcome of the transfer process relate to how new ideas and models are packaged, to the demand and supply driven nature of the transfer. The difference between sender and receiver is also important, including geography, culture, society and history. This distance can be reduced if the illustrative examples of the new model are packaged in a way that makes sense to the receiver.

Thus copying does not work. This is one of the reasons why the American transfer to the UK did not work.

The European Productivity Agency (EPA) facilitated the transfer of mechanisms and channels to Europe.

Even the simplest of change mechanisms failed in the UK, reasons for which the authors believe lie in the transfer process and the management culture, which was "not particularly receptive to new management ideas". The authors do not, however, expand on their argument.