Arrighi et al. (2003)

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Arrighi, Silver and Brewer (2003) - Industrial convergence, Globalisation and the Persistence of the North-South Divide

By the time that products are diffused from the industrialised to the developing countries, these products are under intense competition, eliminating their innovation status, meaning that the developing countries do not reap the benefits from these products like those gained by the developed economies, which had the resources to develop them to begin with. Pp15-16

In addition, innovations are destructive, as people have to leave a certain existence to accept the innovation, which will benefit them in the long term. This means they shift their costs and disruption onto others.

Underdeveloped countries are trying to industrialise, but in doing so they have to play the same game as those in the First World. Thus when products diffuse to the Third World, they are under intense competition and they cannot benefit from them as those in the First World did.