Hiles (2004)

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Hiles (2004) Emergency Response and Operations

Types of emergencies include:

Terrorism
Environmental damage (chemical leaks, radiation)
Wide area disasters (natural disasters)
Hostage or kidnap
Workplace violence
Product defect, involving recall and/or which is dangerous to users
Product tampering
Illegal trading

(Compare with Gunding's, 2005, and Mitroff's, 1996, typologies)

Among other things, communication without sound information can lead to crises.The following is an actual recording of a conversation between the US Navy and Canadian authorities off Newfoundland in October, 1995:

Americans: "Please divert your ship 15 degrees to the north to avoid a collision"
Canadians: "Please divert your ship 15 degrees to the south to avoid a collision"
Americans: "This is the captain of a US Navy ship. I say again, divert your course"
Canadians: "No, I say again, divert your course"
Americans: "This is the aircraft carrier USS Lincoln, the second largest ship in the United States Atlantic Fleet. We are accompanied by three destroyers, three cruisers and numerous support vessels. I demand that you change your course 15 degrees north, that's one five degrees north, or countermeasures will be undertaken to ensure the safety of this ship"
Canadians: "This is a lighthouse. Your call"